科学家揭示了建造耗能更少的“有生命和呼吸”建筑的秘密

˂pclass="0451-0bb0-bb64-cc01 description"˃˂pclass="5da0-8072-8752-ee14 description"˃来自纳米比亚的巨白蚁群的一...

来自纳米比亚的巨白蚁群的一部分出口建筑群。来源:D. andrsamen

在白蚁丘中发现的“出口综合体”的特征可以被复制,以增强建筑物内部气候的优化。

在大约2000种公认的白蚁物种中,一些白蚁扮演着生态系统工程师的重要角色。这些巨大的土丘高达8米,由几个白蚁属建造而成,如无头白蚁、大白蚁、小白蚁和齿白蚁,代表了全球一些最重要的生物构造。经过几千万年的自然选择,这些结构得到了磨砺和完善。人类建筑师和工程师如何从研究这些勤劳的昆虫中获益?

发表在《材料前沿》上的一项开创性研究表明,我们可以从白蚁丘中学到宝贵的经验,从而在我们的建筑中创造舒适的室内气候。令人兴奋的是,这些技术可以潜在地减少与空调相关的碳足迹。

隆德大学生物数字物质研究小组的高级讲师、该研究的第一作者大卫·安德里姆森博士说:“在这里,我们展示了‘出口综合体’,一个在白蚁丘中发现的错综复杂的相互连接的隧道网络,可以用来促进人类建筑中空气、热量和水分的流动。”

印度班加罗尔的白蚁丘。来源:D. andrsamen

来自纳米比亚的白蚁

安德里姆森和合著者、诺丁汉特伦特大学建筑、设计和建筑环境学院副教授鲁珀特·萨伊博士研究了来自纳米比亚的巨白蚁丘。这个物种的群落可以由超过一百万的个体组成。在土丘的中心是共生真菌园,白蚁在这里种植食物。

研究人员把重点放在了出口综合体上:一个密集的、格子状的隧道网络,宽度在3毫米到5毫米之间,连接着内部和外部的更宽的管道。在雨季(11月至4月),当土墩生长时,它延伸到其朝北的表面,直接暴露在正午的阳光下。在这个季节之外,白蚁工人封锁了出口隧道。该建筑群被认为可以蒸发多余的水分,同时保持足够的通风。但它是如何工作的呢?

纳米比亚沃特伯格的白蚁丘。来源:D. andrsamen

andrsamen和Soar探索了出口复合体的布局如何使振荡或脉冲式流动成为可能。他们的实验基于2005年2月从野外收集的一个出口复杂片段的扫描和3d打印副本。这块碎片厚4厘米,体积为1.4升,其中16%是隧道。

他们用扬声器模拟风,扬声器驱动二氧化碳-空气混合物在碎片中振荡,同时用传感器跟踪质量传递。他们发现,在30至40赫兹的振荡频率之间,气流最大;频率在10Hz至20hz之间适中;频率至少在50Hz到120hz之间。

湍流有助于通风

研究人员得出结论,复杂的隧道与吹在土丘上的风相互作用,增强了空气的质量传递,从而促进了通风。特定频率的风振荡会在内部产生湍流,其效果是将呼吸气体和多余的水分从土丘的心脏带走。

“When ventilating a building, you want to preserve the delicate balance of temperature and humidity created inside, without impeding the movement of stale air outwards and fresh air inwards. Most HVAC systems struggle with this. Here we have a structured interface that allows the exchange of respiratory gasses, simply driven by differences in concentration between one side and the other. Conditions inside are thus maintained,” explained Soar.

3D scan of a fragment of the egress complex of Macrotermes michaelseni termites. Credit: D. Andréen and R. Soar

The authors then simulated the egress complex with a series of 2D models, which increased in complexity from straight tunnels to a lattice. They used an electromotor to drive an oscillating body of water (made visible with a dye) through the tunnels and filmed the mass flow. They found, to their surprise, that the motor needed to move air back and forth only a few millimeters (corresponding to weak wind oscillations) for the ebb and flow to penetrate the entire complex. importantly, the necessary turbulence only arose if the layout was sufficiently lattice-like.

Living and breathing buildings

The authors conclude that the egress complex can enable wind-powered ventilation of termite mounds at weak winds.

“We imagine that building walls in the future, made with emerging technologies like powder bed printers, will contain networks similar to the egress complex. These will make it possible to move air around, through embedded sensors and actuators that require only tiny amounts of energy,” said Andréen.

Soar concluded: “Construction-scale 3D printing will only be possible when we can design structures as complex as in nature. The egress complex is an example of a complicated structure that could solve multiple problems simultaneously: keeping comfort inside our homes while regulating the flow of respiratory gasses and moisture through the building envelope.”

“We are on the brink of the transition towards nature-like construction: for the first time, it may be possible to design a true living, breathing building.”

The study was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Swedish Research Council, and the Human Frontier Science Program.

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